Incidence and location of deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity following surgery of tibial plateau fracture

Background: Tibial plateau fractures are commonly seen fractures of lower limb. They are challenging to manage since they are mostly associated with soft tissue injuries. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a significant cause of morbidity and pulmonary embolism can even cause mortality in all hospitalized patients, especially after trauma and lower extremity fracture, which further carries risk of significant morbidity and mortality. We aim to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of postoperative DVT in tibial plateau fractures.Method: A prospective observational randomized study was performed. A total of 79 patient were included in this study who had proximal tibia fractures. Pre-op ultrasonography was done and post operative ultrasonography was done following proximal tibia plating surgery on day 2. Successive evaluation with USG was done at week 2, week 3 and week 4 for DVT. If DVT is diagnosed it will be managed medically.Result: A total of 79 patients were included in the study, 28 were females and 51 males. 4 out of 79 patients were diagnosed with DVT following surgery of tibial plateau fracture. Predominantly DVT was seen in male patient of elderly age group who had high energy trauma operated by open reduction with duration of surgery of more than 1 hour. 3 out of 4 patients had distal DVT and 1 had proximal DVT.Conclusions: Six risk factors were found to be strongly associated with DVT i.e., old age, male gender, high energy trauma, increased preoperative interval, open reduction and prolonged duration of surgery. These epidemiologic data will be helpful in individual assessment, risk categorisation and development of targeted prevention programs

Intrinsic heterogeneity in the survival and proliferation capacities of naïve CD8⁺ T cells

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biological Engineering, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-137).This thesis describes the identification and characterization of a novel 'layer' of intrinsic non-genetic functional heterogeneity within the seemingly homogeneous naive CD8⁺ T cell population in their survival and proliferation capacities. This heterogeneity is predictably marked by the surface level of CD5. NaYve CD8⁺ T cells that are also CD5hi have a greater intrinsic capacity to proliferate both in response to IL7 alone or identical stimulation of the TCR, pathway (same dose of PMA/ionomycin) as compared to CD51' cells. In contrast, CD510 cells survive better in conditions of cytokine deprivation. The selective proliferation in response to IL7 as well as the relative CD5 level is preserved even after several rounds of activation-induced proliferation and differentiation into memory-like cells in vitro, suggesting that the relative CD5 level could be used as a lineage marker to predict the proliferation capacity of CD8⁺ T cells. Microarray analysis of two naive TCR transgenic CD8⁺ T cells, from the same genetic background, but with marked differences in CD5 levels, namely OT-1 and F5 Rag-/- T cells, revealed consistent differences in their cell survival, proliferation and metabolic pathways. Analysis of upstream regulatory networks suggests that the E2A family of transcription factors and miR-181 are likely involved in setting the proliferation and survival capacities of naive T cells, possibly during thymic development. Our estimates of spMHC-induced signals in OT-1 (CD5hi) and F5 (CD50) cells, based on cytosolic Ca2⁺ influx measurements, suggest that the differences in their lymphophenia-induced proliferation, which were previously attributed to putative corresponding differences in their strength of interaction with self-peptide MHC, may also largely be a result of intrinsic differences in their proliferation capacities in response to 1L7. Further, the potential of exogenous IL7 therapy to skew the CD8⁺ T cell repertoire towards the CD5hi phenotype was demonstrated with in vivo studies in mice. Conversely, antibody-mediated depletion of IL7 has the opposite result.by Vinay Subhash Mahajan.Ph.D

Diabetes Awareness & Its Challenges- A Hammering Issue

Diabetes is one of the most common non communicable diseases affecting many people of our country. India being a diabetic capital of world is facing a major epidemic of same. After Covid -19 pandemic its become more evident that person who were having deranged blood sugar level were more at risk of getting infections. So its very important to create awareness of same. According to National Family Health Survey -5 (NFHS-5) men & women with high or very high blood sugar level (>140mg/dl) who are taking medicines were 15.6 % & 13.5% respectively. Females 15 years & above whose blood sugar levels were high or very high were 6.1 & 6.3 % and men with same were 7.3 & 7.2 %(1). These findings were added first time in NFHS survey as more and more population are getting this silent but killer disease. The main risk factors for this disease are very well known like modifiable risk factors are obesity specially central obesity, gestational diabetes, sedentary life style, a highly saturated fat diet, reduced intake of dietary fibers, malnutrition related diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption etc (2)

Klinički mastitis uzrokovan gljivicom Geotrichum candidum.

Mastitis, which has multiple and complex aetiology, is a common syndrome among bovines and inflicts enormous losses on livestock owners. The mastitis cases are infectious in nature and are usually caused by bacteria, fungi/yeasts and some algae. An interesting case of protracted clinical mastitis in a Holstein-Fresian cow in its third lactation was encountered, with exclusive involvement of Geotrichum candidum, an extremely rare in occurrence. G. candidum, an opportunisitic, keratinophilic yeast-like fungus, was identified by its diagnostic colonial characteristics and microscopic morphology, i.e. rectangular arthrospores (arthroconidia) after staining with lactophenol cotton blue stain (LPCB) in a wet mount, and Gram’s stain after heat fixation of the smear. This fungal isolate was also subjected to in-vitro antifungal sensitivity test against cotrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, amphotericin-B and nystatin, but was found sensitive only to amphotericin-B.Mastitis u goveda je kompleksne etiologije i nanosi velike gospodarske štete. Najčešće je uzrokovan bakterijama, gljivicama i rijetko nekim algama. U radu je prikazana zanimljiva i veoma rijetka upala vimena krave holštajn-frizijske pasmine uzrokovana gljivicom Geotrichum candidum. Gljivica G. candidum je keratinofilna gljivica slična kvascima. Identificirana je na osnovi karakterističnih kolonija i morfoloških značajki artrospora vidljivih nakon bojenja. Određena je i osjetljivost izdvojene gljivice prema klotrimazolu, ketokonazolu, mikonazolu, amfotericinu B i nistatinu. Osjetljivost je utvrđena samo za amfotericin B

Photovoltaic System with Step Up Converter

A novel  step up converter which is proposed for a front end photovoltaic power system. Through a voltage multiplier module in which an asymmetrical interleaved step up converter usually high step up gain without which act as a function at an extreme duty ratio. The voltage multiplier module which is create of a conventional boost converter and coupled inductors. An extra conventional boost converter is combine into the first phase to achieve a considerably higher voltage conversion ratio. The two phase configuration not only decreases the current stress through each power switch but also force to do some thing the input current ripple, in which decreases the conduction losses of MOSFETs. The proposed step up converter functions as an active clamp circuit which moderate large voltage spikes across the power switches. So, the low-voltage rated MOSFETs which can be adopted for reduces of conduction losses and also cost. Efficiency improves because the energy which is stored in leakage inductances is energized to the output terminal. Finally, the prototype circuit which with a 40V input voltage, 380V output is operated to verify its performance. The highest efficiency of the step up converter is 96.8%

INCIDENCE OF PRESENCE OF H. PYLORI IN CASES OF CHOLECYSTITIS AND CHOLELITHIASIS IN A RURAL MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL

Cholecystitis is defined  as inflammation of the gallbladder. Ninety percent of cases involve stones in the cystic duct and gall bladder, (i.e., calculus cholecystitis) with the other 10% of cases representing acalculus cholecystitis.(1) The association of gallstones with Helicobacter pylori has been investigated but not clearly demonstrated. In this study, the presence of H. pylori in the gallbladder mucosa of patients with symptomatic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis was investigated.The study included 50 cases of  cholecystitis and cholelithiasis randomly selected who were admitted to the surgical wards of M.M.I.M.S.R, Mullana in last 2 years.  All patients underwent cholecystectomy and gall bladder mucosa was histopathologically examined by giemsa staining (silver slide test). We concluded that no gall bladder mucosa exhibits presence of H. Pylori. Keywords: Cholelithiasis; Cholecystitis; H. pylori; GiemsaÂ